As we age, fat comes out of the space enclosed by the eye socket, called the orbit, and forms a puffy area under the eye. This fatty tissue can fill with water. Thus, it becomes more noticeable when water is retained, which can occur for a variety of reasons including eating too much salt, lying flat in bed, not getting enough sleep, allergies, and monthly hormonal changes.
Dark circles under the eye occur for several reasons: The skin there is much thinner than skin elsewhere on the body and becomes looser under the eyes as we age. This very thin skin also sits on top of underlying purple muscle and blood vessels and thus appears darker. In addition, some people have hereditary pigmentation in this area.
Treating hollow space under the eye is straightforward and can be done by injecting a filler such as Restylane. After this procedure, the so-called tear trough is instantly softened and any pigmentation noticeably lighter as a result of putting something between the skin and the underlying tissue. Blepharoplasty (surgery) can be done to fix the fat pad under the eye or a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser can be used to resurface the skin, which tightens and thickens it as well as lightens the pigmentation.
Simple measures to reduce puffiness and darkness of under-eye circles include avoiding salt, getting enough sleep, treating allergies, sleeping on two pillows, raising the head of the bed and using cool compresses on the eyes. For hereditary pigmentation, CO2 laser resurfacing and bleaching creams are sometimes helpful.
Recent studies have shown that B-cell lymphoma is dependent on the uptake of natural HDL -- short for high-density lipoprotein -- from which it derives fat content, such as cholesterol.
The nanoparticle -- originally developed by Thaxton as a possible therapy for heart disease -- closely mimics the size, shape and surface chemistry of natural HDL particles. But it has one key difference: a five nanometer gold particle at its core. Thus, when the nanoparticle is incubated with human B-cell lymphoma cells or used to treat a mouse with the human tumor, it socks lymphoma with a double whammy. After it attaches to the lymphoma cell, the gold particle's spongy surface sucks out its cholesterol while the gold core prevents the cell from absorbing more cholesterol typically carried in the core of natural HDL particles.
The lymphoma research showed Thaxton that the HDL nanoparticle had more than one trick up its golden sleeve.
It is a genetic defect in the production of a protective protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin, which is made in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream. This protein primarily protects the lungs against an enzyme known as neutrophil elastase, which our body uses to break down bacterial cell walls, but it also has the collateral damage of breaking down elastin, the support protein of the lung. This results in the development of emphysema. The disease is exacerbated by smoking and exposure to other noxious inhaled stimuli that lead to inflammation of the lungs.
Parietal cells in the mucosa, the inner cell layer of our digestive tract, secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach's lumen, or cavity. The solution in the lumen may have a pH of one or less 10 times as acidic as pure lemon juice. First, the mucosa doesn't get digested as it secretes the HCl because the pH within the parietal cells remains near neutrality by the following mechanism:
(1) Potassium ions, K , diffuse passively from the parietal cell into the lumen.
(2) An active transport pump brings K back into the parietal cell, simultaneously secreting H from the cell to the lumen. As much K returns by this route as leaks in (1).
(3) Chloride ions, Cl-, diffuse passively from the cell to the lumen, and their negative charges balance the positive charges of the secreted H .
(4) An exchanger on the opposite face of the parietal cell balances this loss of Cl- by importing Cl - from the blood in exchange for bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
(5) Within the cell, water reacts with carbon dioxide (CO2) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into H and HCO3-.
In summary, HCl in the stomach lumen accomplishes four things. It helps break down ingested tissues for attack by digestive enzymes; it provides the correct pH for the action of those enzymes; it converts a catalytically inactive proenzyme to an active enzyme (as we just saw); and it destroys invading microorganisms in the stomach contents.
As the stomach contents pass from the stomach to the small intestine, their acidity is rapidly neutralized by the addition of HCO3- produced by the pancreas good thing, too, because the mucosa of the small intestine has no other protection against HCl.
Coconut have been a primary source of food throughout the tropics. Coconut oil is the part of the household's hair care regime. The health benefits of coconut oil includes maintaining cholesterol levels, weight loss, increased immunity, proper digestion and metabolism, relief from kidney problems and dental care. These benefits are attributed to the presence of lauric acid, capric acid and cprylic acid, and its properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and soothing properties.
The human body converts lauric acid into monolaurin which is claimed to help in dealing with viruses and bacteria causing diseases such as herpes, influenza and cytomegalovirus. Coconut oil contains short and medium chain fatty acids that help in taking off excess weight. Coconut oil is believed to boost thyroid function by 15% which helps in boosting metabolism and energy production.
A blind Australian woman can now see spots of light after being implanted with an early prototype of the world's first bionic eye.
In the bionic eye, electrodes are inserted into the retina of vision impaired patients. the electrodes send electrical impulses to nerve cells in the eye, which occur naturally in people with normal vision.
The device restores mild vision, where patients are able to pick up major contrasts and edges such as light and dark objects. In the early prototype bionic eye, the electrodes are connected to a receptor fitted to the back of ear, which is then plugged in thorough an external wire to a unit in the laboratory. The researchers in laboratory use the unit to control the information sent to eye, allowing them to study how the brain reacts.
In a major breakthrough, scientists have discovered a supre antibody against flu, offering hope of a universal jab to treat the infection. They have identified three human antibodies which protect against the influenza B strain and one called, CR9114, which also protects agaainst the more common and serious influenza A virus. The jab can be used in severe infections or to protect hospital staff during an outbreak. Scientists believe it is a major step forward in developing a long term cure rather than an unsual winter vaccination flu. It prevents the hemagglutinin protein from undergoing the shape-change needed for the virus to fuse to the outer membrane of host cell.
In general, the most common causes of dizziness are activities everyone experiences, at least as children, namely running around in circles or riding carnival attractions that spin, loop or twist. The most common types of dizziness are vertigo, light-headedness and imbalance.
Vertigo refers to the sensation of being in a spinning environment. At rest, continuous and balanced signals from the peripheral vestibular system keep the eyes stationary via connections in the brain. When the head moves, a physiological imbalance in the signals leads to small movements of the eyes that keep vision optimal. When a sudden abnormality in the balance of the signals occurs, the result is a pattern of eye movements referred to as nystagmus.
Light-headedness is a very different type of dizziness that does not involve the apparent movement of the environment. Instead, patients with this type of dizziness generally feel as though they are floating or as though they may faint. Common causes of light-headedness include decreased blood flow to the brain, a medication side effect, or extreme anxiety.
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